|
Carrie Chapman Catt (January 9, 1859 – March 9, 1947) was an American women's suffrage leader who campaigned for the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920. Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women. She "led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920" and "was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women". ==Early life == Born Carrie Clinton Lane in Ripon, Wisconsin〔 Katja Wuestenbecker. "Catt, Carrie Chapman" in ''World War 1: the Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection Vol. 1''. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2014, p. 359.〕 to Lucius and Maria Louisa (Clinton) Lane, Catt spent her childhood in Charles City, Iowa. She moved to Iowa at the age of seven where she began school. As a child, Catt was interested in science and wanted to become a doctor. After graduating from high school, she enrolled at Iowa State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) in Ames, Iowa.〔Mary Gray Peck. ''Carrie Chapman Catt: A Biography'', New York, H. W. Wilson, 1944, pp. 30-32.〕 Catt's father was initially reluctant to allow her to attend college, but he relented, contributing only a part of the costs.〔Van Voris, p. 7.〕 To make ends meet, Catt worked as a dishwasher, in the school library, and as a teacher at rural schools during school breaks.〔 Catt’s freshman class consisted of 27 students; six of whom were female.〔 Catt joined the Crescent Literary Society, a student organization aimed at advancing student learning skills and self-confidence. Because only men were allowed to speak in meetings, Catt defied the rules and spoke up during a male debate. This started a discussion about women’s participation in the group, and ultimately led to women gaining the right to speak in meetings.〔Van Voris, p. 8.〕 Catt was also a member of Pi Beta Phi,〔 started an all girls' debate club, and advocated for women's participation in military drill.〔Peck, p. 33.〕 After three years, Catt graduated on November 10, 1880 with a Bachelor of Science degree.〔Peck, p. 34.〕 She was the valedictorian and only female in her graduating class.〔Van Voris, p. 9.〕 She worked as a law clerk after graduating then she became a teacher and then superintendent of schools in Mason City, Iowa in 1885. She was the first female superintendent of the district. In February of 1885, Carrie married newspaper editor Leo Chapman, but he died in California in August 1886, soon after of typhoid fever.〔 She remained in San Francisco where she worked as the city's first female reporter.〔 In 1890, she married George Catt, a wealthy engineer and Alumnus of Iowa State University.〔 He encouraged her being involved in suffrage. Their marriage allowed her to spend a good part of each year on the road campaigning for women's suffrage, a cause she had become involved with in Iowa during the late 1880s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carrie Chapman Catt」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|